Can Be Caused by Repetitive Motions or Repeated Shocks Over Prolonged Periods of Time

Biological and Physical Health Hazards

Biological Hazards

Biological hazards are common in laboratories and clinics.

Biological hazards include leaner, viruses, fungi, and other living organisms that tin can cause acute and chronic infections past inbound the torso either direct or through breaks in the skin. Occupations that bargain with plants or animals or their products or with food and food processing may expose workers to biological hazards. Laboratory and medical personnel also tin be exposed to biological hazards. Whatsoever occupations that consequence in contact with bodily fluids pose a risk to workers from biological hazards.

In occupations where animals are involved, biological hazards are dealt with by preventing and controlling diseases in the animal population too equally properly caring for and handling infected animals. Also, effective personal hygiene, particularly proper attending to minor cuts and scratches specially on the hands and forearms, helps go on worker risks to a minimum.

In occupations where at that place is potential exposure to biological hazards, workers should practice proper personal hygiene, particularly hand washing. Hospitals should provide proper ventilation, proper personal protective equipment such as gloves and respirators, adequate infectious waste matter disposal systems, and appropriate controls including isolation in instances of particularly contagious diseases such as tuberculosis.

one. Biological hazards include all of the post-obit, EXCEPT _____.

a. radiation
b. viruses
c. bacteria
d. fungi

Biological Agents

Deer ticks cause disease.

Biological agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms, and their associated toxins. They have the power to adversely affect human health in a diversity of means, ranging from relatively mild allergic reactions to serious medical weather, even death. These organisms are widespread in the natural environs; they are found in h2o, soil, plants, and animals. Considering many microbes reproduce rapidly and require minimal resource for survival, they are a potential danger in a broad multifariousness of occupational settings.

This page provides a starting signal for technical and regulatory data nearly some of the most virulent and prevalent biological agents.

Anthrax: Anthrax is an astute infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium chosen Bacillus anthracis. It is generally acquired following contact with anthrax-infected animals or anthrax-contaminated animal products.

Avian Flu: Avian flu is a highly contagious disease of birds which is currently epidemic amongst poultry in Asia. Despite the uncertainties, poultry experts agree that immediate alternative of infected and exposed birds is the first line of defense for both the protection of human being wellness and the reduction of farther losses in the agronomical sector.

Bloodborne Pathogens and Needlestick Prevention: OSHA estimates that 5.six one thousand thousand workers in the health intendance industry and related occupations are at risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and others.

Botulism: Cases of botulism are usually associated with consumption of preserved foods. Nevertheless, botulinum toxins are currently among the most mutual compounds explored by terrorists for utilise as biological weapons.

Coronavirus Influenza. Infection with the novel coronavirus, officially named SARS-CoV-2, which causes the Coronavirus Disease 2022 (COVID-19) tin can cause illness ranging from mild to severe and, in some cases, tin be fatal. Most people experience symptoms such every bit fever (the most common symptom), dry out coughing, shortness of jiff, and general aches and pains.

Foodborne Disease: Foodborne illnesses are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxins, metals, and prions (microscopic protein particles). Symptoms range from mild gastroenteritis to life-threatening neurologic, hepatic, and renal syndromes.

Hantavirus: Hantaviruses are transmitted to humans from the dried droppings, urine, or saliva of mice and rats. Beast laboratory workers and persons working in infested buildings are at increased risk to this affliction.

ii. Which of the post-obit biological agents is unremarkably associated with consumption of preserved foods?

a. Anthrax
b. Botulism
c. Hantavirus
d. Avian flu

Biological Agents (Continued)

Mosquitos cause W Nile Virus.

Legionnaires' Affliction: Legionnaires' disease is a bacterial disease unremarkably associated with water-based aerosols. It is often the consequence of poorly maintained air conditioning cooling towers and potable h2o systems.

Mold: Molds produce and release millions of spores small enough to be air-, water-, or insect-borne which may have negative effects on human health including allergic reactions, asthma, and other respiratory problems.

Plague: The World Health Organisation reports i,000 to 3,000 cases of plague every year. A bioterrorist release of plague could result in a rapid spread of the pneumonic form of the illness, which could have devastating consequences.

Ricin: Ricin is one of the virtually toxic and easily produced institute toxins. It has been used in the past as a bioterrorist weapon and remains a serious threat.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging, sometimes fatal, respiratory disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the most recent homo cases of SARS were reported in Red china in April 2004 and at that place is currently no known manual anywhere in the world.

Smallpox: Smallpox is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. It is estimated that no more than 20 percent of the population has any amnesty from previous vaccination.

Tularemia: Tularemia is also known as "rabbit fever" or "deer wing fever" and is extremely infectious. Relatively few leaner are required to cause the disease, which is why it is an attractive weapon for utilize in bioterrorism.

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Along with smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, and tularemia, hemorrhagic fever viruses are amid the six agents identified by the Centers for Illness Control and Prevention (CDC) as the most likely to exist used as biological weapons. Many VHFs can cause severe, life-threatening affliction with high fatality rates.

3. Which of the following is a highly contagious disease unique to humans?

a. Plague
b. Ricin
c. Tularemia
d. Smallpox

Concrete Health Hazards

Vibration, hazardous atmospheres, and noise are three common physical hazards.

Physical health hazards that employees face include excessive levels of ionizing and nonionizing electromagnetic radiation, racket, vibration, illumination, and temperature and humidity extremes. Throughout the rest of this module, nosotros'll briefly look at each of the following mutual types of physical hazards encountered by employees in the workplace. Industrial hygienists routinely analyze workplaces for these hazards and exposures.

Radiation: In occupations where there is exposure to ionizing radiation, time, distance, and shielding are important tools in ensuring worker safety. Danger from radiation increases with the corporeality of time one is exposed to information technology; hence, the shorter the fourth dimension of exposure the smaller the radiation danger.

Racket: Noise, another significant physical health hazard, tin exist controlled by diverse measures. Racket tin exist reduced past controlling the noise at the source and by decision-making exposure to the dissonance.

Temperature and humidity: Another physical chance, radiant heat exposure in factories such every bit steel mills, can be controlled by installing reflective shields and by providing protective wearable.

Illumination: Illumination in the workplace is an important consideration. Inadequate or too much illumination in the work area tin can cause center strain. Piece of work environments that are also dark tin can peradventure cause injuries from tripping and falling.

Ergonomics: More injuries and physical disorders are caused by the hazards associated with poor ergonomics. Strains, sprains, repetitive movement injuries, and musculoskeletal disorders are mutual in the workplace. Unfortunately, OSHA does non have specific mandatory standards that accost proper ergonomics.

4. Each of the following is a concrete health take chances of involvement to industrial hygienists, EXCEPT _____.

a. Noise
b. Ergonomics
c. Machine guarding
d. Radiations

Radiation

Ionizing & Non-Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing and Not-Ionizing Radiations Chart
(Click to enlarge)

Radiation includes a broad range of energies forming the electromagnetic spectrum, which is illustrated to the right. The energy of the radiation shown on the spectrum to the right increases from left to right as the frequency rises. The spectrum has two major divisions:

• Not-ionizing radiations: Radiation that has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or crusade them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons, is referred to every bit "non-ionizing radiation." Examples of this kind of radiations are sound waves, visible calorie-free, and microwaves.
• Ionizing radiations: Radiations that falls within the ionizing radiations range has plenty energy to remove tightly spring electrons from atoms, thus creating ions. This is the type of radiation that people commonly think of as 'radiation.' We have advantage of its properties to generate electric (nuclear) power, to kill cancer cells, and in many manufacturing processes.

Fourth dimension, Altitude, and Shielding

Exposure to gamma rays and costless neutrons require the most shielding.

Time, distance, and shielding actions minimize your exposure to radiations in much the aforementioned way as they would to protect you against overexposure to the sun:

• Time: For people who are exposed to radiation in addition to natural background radiation, limiting or minimizing the exposure fourth dimension reduces the dose from the radiations source.
• Distance: Just as the estrus from a fire reduces equally you lot motility further away, the dose of radiations decreases dramatically equally you increase your distance from the source.
• Shielding: Barriers of pb, concrete, or water provide protection from penetrating gamma rays and x-rays. This is why certain radioactive materials are stored under water or in concrete or atomic number 82-lined rooms, and why dentists place a lead blanket on patients receiving x-rays of their teeth. Therefore, inserting the proper shield between you and a radiations source will greatly reduce or eliminate the dose yous receive.​

5. Pb shielding is used past dentists to protect against _____.

a. free neutrons
b. beta rays
c. X-rays
d. blastoff particles

Noise

Repeated high-impact noise tin can cause permanent hearing loss.

Exposure to high levels of racket can cause permanent hearing loss. Neither surgery nor a hearing aid tin aid correct this type of hearing loss.

• Short term exposure to loud racket can also cause a temporary change in hearing (your ears may feel stuffed up) or a ringing in your ears (tinnitus).
• Repeated exposures to loud noise can lead to permanent tinnitus and/or hearing loss.

Noise-induced hearing loss limits your ability to hear high frequency sounds, sympathise oral communication, and seriously impairs your ability to communicate. Noise may exist a problem in your workplace if:

• Y'all hear ringing or humming in your ears when you leave work.
• You accept to shout to be heard by a coworker an arm'south length abroad.
• You lot experience temporary hearing loss when leaving piece of work.

How loud is the workplace?
(Click to enlarge)

OSHA Requirements

OSHA sets legal limits on dissonance exposure in the workplace. These limits are based on a worker's time weighted average over an 8-hour day (called a 8-Hour TWA). With noise, OSHA'due south permissible exposure limit (PEL) is an average of 90 decibels (dBA) for all workers for an 8-hour day.

The OSHA standard uses a v dBA exchange rate. This means that when the noise level is increased by five dBA, the amount of fourth dimension a person can be exposed to a certain noise level to receive the same dose is cut in half.

OSHA's requirement to protect all workers in full general industry calls for employers to implement a Hearing Conservation Program where workers are exposed to a time weighted average noise level (called the "activity level") of viii-Hour TWA of 85 dBA or higher.

Hearing Conservation Programs crave employers to measure noise levels, provide free annual hearing exams, free hearing protection, and grooming.

6. A hearing conservation program is required if exposure to the "action level" of _____ is experienced by employees.

a. 90 dBA or more
b. at to the lowest degree 80 dBA
c. 80 dBA or more
d. 85 dBA or college

Noise (Connected)

Reducing Noise Hazards

Racket controls are the first line of defence force confronting excessive noise exposure. The use of these controls should aim to reduce the hazardous exposure to the point where the gamble to hearing is eliminated or minimized. With the reduction of fifty-fifty a few decibels, the hazard to hearing is reduced, communication is improved, and noise-related annoyance is reduced. In that location are several ways to command and reduce worker exposure to noise in a workplace.

Technology Controls: Technology controls involve modifying or replacing equipment, or making related physical changes at the noise source or along the transmission path to reduce the noise level at the worker's ear. Examples of inexpensive, effective engineering controls include some of the following:

Examples of Engineering Controls
(Click to enlarge)

• Choose depression-noise tools and machinery.
• Maintain and lubricate machinery and equipment.
• Identify a barrier between the racket source and employee.
• Enclose or isolate the noise source.

Administrative Controls: These are changes in the workplace that reduce or eliminate worker exposure to noise. Examples include:

• Operating noisy machines during shifts when fewer people are exposed.
• Limiting the corporeality of time a person spends at a dissonance source.
• Providing quiet areas where workers can gain relief from hazardous dissonance sources.
• Restricting worker presence to a suitable altitude away from noisy equipment.

Hearing protection devices (HPDs): Hearing personal protection equipment (PPE) such as earmuffs and plugs, are considered an adequate but less desirable choice to control exposures to noise. HPDs are generally used during the time necessary to implement engineering or administrative controls, when such controls are non feasible, or when worker's hearing tests indicate meaning hearing damage.

7. Which of the following is an example of an engineering science control to reduce the dissonance level of a auto?

a. Operate machines when workers are not present
b. Limit the corporeality of exposure time
c. Enclose the machine with sound-absorbing fabric
d. Provide a quiet surface area for workers

Excessive Heat and Humidity

When information technology's as well hot, health, attitudes, and productivity endure.

As a general dominion, office temperature and humidity are matters of human comfort. OSHA has no regulations specifically addressing temperature and humidity in an role setting. However, OSHA recommends removing air contaminants and/or controlling room temperature and humidity. OSHA recommends temperature command in the range of 68-76 degrees Fahrenheit and humidity command in the range of 20%-sixty%.

Operations involving loftier air temperatures, radiant heat sources, high humidity, direct physical contact with hot objects, or strenuous concrete activities have a loftier potential for inducing estrus stress in employees. These workplaces include: atomic number 26 and steel foundries, brick-firing and ceramic plants, glass products facilities, electric utilities (particularly banality rooms), bakeries, commercial kitchens, laundries, food canneries, chemical plants, mining sites, and smelters.

Outdoor operations conducted in hot atmospheric condition, such every bit construction, refining, asbestos removal, and chancy waste site activities, peculiarly those that require workers to wear semipermeable or impermeable protective article of clothing, are also likely to cause heat stress among exposed workers.

Protective wearable is of import in hot piece of work environments.

Controls

There are five master engineering and administrative control methods to control exposure to excessive estrus in the workplace:

1. Ventilation,
2. air cooling,
3. fans,
4. shielding, and
5. insulation

Oestrus reduction can besides be achieved by using power assists and tools that reduce the physical demands placed on a worker.

8. OSHA recommends temperature control in the range of _____ Fahrenheit and humidity control in the range of _____.

a. 45-66 degrees; 65%-70%
b. 51-69 degrees; 10%-15%
c. 68-76 degrees; 20%-sixty%
d. 75-82 degrees; 40%-seventy%

Illumination

Inadequate or poor-quality lighting systems can lead to slips, trips, and falls, shocks and burns, and inability to quickly exit a space.

Temporary lights should have guards or be recessed to prevent accidental contact with the bulb. They should exist equipped with heavy duty electric cords, not be suspended by electrical cords, and they should be equipped with overcurrent protection such as fuses or circuit breakers. In dark areas without temporary lighting bachelor, provide flashlights or low-cal sticks. Make sure workers exercise not enter dark spaces without suitable portable light.

Ergonomics

Poor ergonomic practices account for most injuries in the workplace.

The scientific discipline of ergonomics studies and evaluates a full range of tasks and how they impact the health of the worker. Tasks evaluated include lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, belongings, and twisting. Dorsum injuries are more likely to occur when an employee does whatsoever of these tasks while twisting.

Many ergonomic problems outcome from technological changes such as increased assembly line speeds, adding specialized tasks, and increased repetition; some problems ascend from poorly designed job tasks. Whatever of these conditions can cause ergonomic hazards such as excessive vibration and noise, centre strain, repetitive motion, and heavy lifting bug. Improperly designed tools or work areas also tin exist ergonomic hazards.

Repetitive Motion

Repetitive motions or repeated shocks over prolonged periods of fourth dimension every bit in jobs involving sorting, assembling, and data entry tin can often cause irritation and inflammation of the tendon sheath of the hands and arms, a condition known every bit carpal tunnel syndrome.

Repetitiveness is influenced by machine or line pacing, piece work, and unrealistic deadlines. For example, an experienced worker packing apples (piece work) may complete many more than similar exertions or movements than a new worker. Unfortunately, he or she may be performing at such a rapid rate that they may hurt themselves over time. However, repetition alone is non an accurate predictor of injury. Other factors similar strength, posture, duration, and recovery fourth dimension must likewise be considered.

nine. Back injuries are more likely when an employee _____ while pushing, pulling, lifting, or lowering objects.

a. moves
b. twists
c. reaches
d. holds

Ergonomics (Continued)

Vibration

Vibration can lead to hand-arm syndrome (HAVS).

Various kinds of tools may cause vibration that could pb to "white finger" or hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). This is especially dangerous when proper damping techniques are non applied, if machines are not maintained, if tools are not alternated, or if a worker uses a vibrating tool for consecutive hours during a workday. Workers need to be trained on the hazards of working with vibrating tools, and should ever allow the tool or auto to do the work.

Controls to aid reduce vibration hazards include vibration isolators or damping techniques on equipment, isolating machine vibrations from the work surface, and use of dampening material. Also, make sure rotating shafts are balanced, restrict the duration of exposure, and railroad train workers on the hazards of vibrating parts.

Avoiding Hazards

Ergonomic hazards are avoided primarily by the effective design of a chore or jobsite and amend designed tools or equipment that encounter workers' needs in terms of physical environs and chore tasks. Through thorough worksite analyses, employers tin can ready procedures to right or control ergonomic hazards past:

• using the appropriate engineering science controls (eastward.g., designing or re-designing work stations, lighting, tools, and equipment);
• educational activity right work practices (e.g., proper lifting methods);
• employing proper authoritative controls (e.g., shifting workers amidst several unlike tasks, reducing production demand, and increasing residual breaks); and,
• if necessary, providing and mandating personal protective equipment. Evaluating working conditions from an ergonomics standpoint involves looking at the full physiological and psychological demands of the job on the worker.

Overall, industrial hygienists point out that the benefits of a well-designed, ergonomic work environment can include increased efficiency, fewer accidents, lower operating costs, and more constructive utilise of personnel.

10. Which of the following is Non effective in reducing vibration hazards?

a. Use dampening fabric
b. Balancing rotating shafts
c. Increasing the frequency past half
d. Restrict the duration of exposure

Check your Work

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