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Four Major Disciplines in the Liberal Arts and Sciences

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Traditional academic program in Western higher education

Liberal arts education (from Latin liberalis "free" and ars "art or principled practice")[1] is the traditional academic programme in Western higher educational activity.[2] Liberal arts takes the term art in the sense of a learned skill rather than specifically the fine arts. Liberal arts education can refer to studies in a liberal arts degree program or to a university instruction more generally. Such a class of study contrasts with those that are principally vocational, professional, or technical.

History [edit]

Before they became known past their Latin variations ( artes liberales , septem artes liberales , studia liberalia ),[iii] the liberal arts were the continuation of Ancient Greek methods of research that began with a "desire for a universal understanding."[4] Pythagoras argued that at that place was a mathematical and geometrical harmony to the cosmos or the universe; his followers linked the four arts of astronomy, mathematics, geometry, and music into one area of study to course the "disciplines of the mediaeval quadrivium".[5] In 4th-century Athens, the government of the polis, or city-country, respected the ability of rhetoric or public speaking above almost everything else.[6] Eventually rhetoric, grammar, and dialectic (logic) became the educational programme of the trivium. Together they came to be known as the seven liberal arts.[vii] Originally these subjects or skills were held by classical antiquity to exist essential for a complimentary person ( liberalis , "worthy of a free person")[eight] to acquire in order to take an active function in borough life, something that included among other things participating in public fence, defending oneself in courtroom, serving on juries, and participating in military service. While the arts of the quadrivium might accept appeared prior to the arts of the trivium, by the middle ages educational programmes taught the trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric) showtime while the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy) were the following stage of education.[ix]

Rooted in the basic curriculum – the enkuklios paideia or "well-rounded education" – of late Classical and Hellenistic Greece, the "liberal arts" or "liberal pursuits" (Latin liberalia studia ) were already and so chosen in formal education during the Roman Empire. The first recorded use of the term "liberal arts" ( artes liberales ) occurs in De Inventione past Marcus Tullius Cicero, merely it is unclear if he created the term.[ten] [11] Seneca the Younger discusses liberal arts in education from a critical Stoic bespeak of view in Moral Epistles.[12] The exact nomenclature of the liberal arts varied even so in Roman times,[thirteen] and it was only after Martianus Capella in the 5th century AD influentially brought the seven liberal arts as bridesmaids to the Marriage of Mercury and Philology,[xiv] that they took on canonical class.[ commendation needed ]

The 4 "scientific" artes —music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy—were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the quadrivium. Afterwards the 9th century, the remaining three arts of the "humanities"—grammar, logic, and rhetoric—‚were grouped as the trivium.[thirteen] Information technology was in that two-fold course that the vii liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university.[15] [16] During the Center Ages, logic gradually came to have predominance over the other parts of the trivium.[17]

In the twelfth century the iconic image – Philosophia et septem artes liberales (Philosophy and seven liberal arts) – was produced by an Alsatian nun and abbess Herrad of Landsberg with her community of women as function of the Hortus deliciarum .[eighteen] Their encyclopedia compiled ideas drawn from philosophy, theology, literature, music, arts, and sciences and was intended every bit a education tool for women of the abbey.[19] Compiled betwixt 1167 and 1185 information technology contained humanity'due south about meaning ideas. The prototype Philosophy and 7 liberal arts represents the circle of philosophy, and is presented as a rosette of a cathedral: a central circle and a serial of semicircles arranged all around. Information technology shows learning and knowledge organised into seven relations, the Septem Artes Liberales or Seven Liberal Arts. Each of these arts find their source in the Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom".[18] St. Albert the Great, a doctor of the Catholic Church building, asserted that the seven liberal arts were referred to in Sacred Scripture, proverb: "Information technology is written, 'Wisdom hath built herself a house, she hath hewn her out seven pillars' (Proverbs 9:1). This business firm is the Blest Virgin; the vii pillars are the seven liberal arts."[20]

In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects standing the traditions of the Middle Ages, reversed that process.[21] Re-christening the sometime trivium with a new and more ambitious proper name: Studia humanitatis , and also increasing its scope, they downplayed logic equally opposed to the traditional Latin grammer and rhetoric, and added to them history, Greek, and moral philosophy (ideals), with a new accent on poetry as well.[22] The educational curriculum of humanism spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century and became the educational foundation for the schooling of European elites, the functionaries of political administration, the clergy of the various legally recognized churches, and the learned professions of law and medicine.[23] The platonic of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted in Europe until the eye of the twentieth century; in the United States, it had come up under increasingly successful assault in the late 19th century past academics interested in reshaping American college education around the natural and social sciences.[24] [25]

Similarly, Wilhelm von Humboldt's educational model in Prussia (now Federal republic of germany), which afterward became the role model for higher didactics likewise in N America, went across vocational grooming. In a letter to the Prussian king, he wrote:

There are undeniably certain kinds of noesis that must be of a general nature and, more than chiefly, a certain cultivation of the listen and grapheme that nobody can afford to exist without. People obviously cannot exist good craftworkers, merchants, soldiers or businessmen unless, regardless of their occupation, they are proficient, upstanding and – co-ordinate to their condition – well-informed human beings and citizens. If this footing is laid through schooling, vocational skills are easily acquired after on, and a person is ever complimentary to move from one occupation to another, as then oftentimes happens in life.[26]

The philosopher Julian Nida-Rümelin has criticized discrepancies between Humboldt's ideals and the contemporary European education policy, which narrowly understands instruction as a preparation for the labor marketplace, arguing that nosotros need to decide between "McKinsey and Humboldt".[27]

Mod usage [edit]

The modern use of the term liberal arts consists of four areas: the natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. Bookish areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include:

  • Life sciences (biology, ecology, neuroscience)
  • Concrete science (physics, astronomy, chemistry, physical geography)
  • Logic, mathematics, statistics, computer science
  • Philosophy
  • History
  • Social science (anthropology, economic science, human geography, linguistics, political science, jurisprudence, psychology, and folklore)
  • Creative arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)

For example, the core courses for Georgetown University'southward Doctor of Liberal Studies program[28] cover philosophy, theology, history, art, literature, and the social sciences. Wesleyan Academy's Main of Arts in Liberal Studies plan includes courses in visual arts, art history, artistic and professional person writing, literature, history, mathematics, motion-picture show, authorities, education, biology, psychology, and astronomy.[29]

Secondary school [edit]

Liberal arts education at the secondary school level prepares students for higher education at a university.[ citation needed ]

Curricula differ from school to school, but generally include linguistic communication, chemistry, biology, geography, art, music, history, philosophy, civics, social sciences, and foreign languages.[ citation needed ]

In the Usa [edit]

In the Us, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts.[30] The education at liberal arts colleges is often Socratic, typically with small classes; professors are often allowed to concentrate more on their teaching responsibilities than are professors at research universities.[ citation needed ]

In addition, well-nigh four-twelvemonth colleges are not devoted exclusively or primarily to liberal arts degrees, simply offer a liberal arts degree, and allow students not majoring in liberal arts to take courses to satisfy distribution requirements in liberal arts.[ citation needed ]

Traditionally, a bachelor's degree in 1 particular expanse within liberal arts, with substantial report outside that main expanse, is earned over four years of full-fourth dimension study. However, some universities such equally Saint Leo Academy,[31] Pennsylvania State University,[32] Florida Constitute of Technology,[33] and New England College[34] have begun to offer an associate degree in liberal arts. Colleges like the Thomas More College of Liberal Arts offer a unique program with but ane degree offering, a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies, while the Harvard Extension School offers both a Bachelor of Liberal Arts and a Master of Liberal Arts.[35] Additionally, colleges like the University of Oklahoma College of Liberal Studies and the Harvard Extension Schoolhouse[36] offer an online, part-time option for adult and nontraditional students.[ citation needed ]

Most students earn either a Bachelor of Arts caste or a Bachelor of Scientific discipline[37] degree; on completing undergraduate study, students might progress to either a liberal arts graduate school or a professional schoolhouse (public administration, engineering, business organisation, law, medicine, theology).[ citation needed ]

Great Books motility [edit]

In 1937 St. John's College changed its curriculum to focus on the Great Books of the Western Earth to provide a new sort of education that separated itself from the increasingly specialized nature of higher schooling.[38]

In Europe [edit]

"Thriumph of S. Tomas & Allegory of the Sciences" by Andrea di Bonaluto. Frasco, 1365-68, Basilica di S. Maria Novella.

In most parts of Europe, liberal arts education is deeply rooted. In Germany, Republic of austria and countries influenced by their educational activity organisation it is called 'humanistische Bildung' (humanistic pedagogy). The term is not to be confused with some modernistic educational concepts that utilize a like wording. Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a Gymnasium (high schoolhouse, grammar school). They aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education (Bildung) to grade personality with regard to a pupil's own humanity likewise as their innate intellectual skills.[ commendation needed ] Going back to the long tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, education in the above sense was freed from scholastic thinking and re-shaped by the theorists of the Enlightenment; in particular, Wilhelm von Humboldt. Since students are considered to accept received a comprehensive liberal arts didactics at gymnasia, very oft the office of liberal arts education in undergraduate programs at universities is reduced compared to the Us educational arrangement.[ citation needed ] Students are expected to use their skills received at the gymnasium to further develop their personality in their own responsibility, due east.chiliad. in universities' music clubs, theatre groups, language clubs, etc. Universities encourage students to do so and offer corresponding opportunities but do not make such activities part of the university'south curriculum.[ citation needed ]

Thus, on the level of higher education, despite the European origin of the liberal arts college,[39] the term liberal arts college usually denotes liberal arts colleges in the United states.[ commendation needed ] With the exception of pioneering institutions such as Franklin Academy Switzerland (formerly known every bit Franklin College), established as a Europe-based, US-style liberal arts college in 1969,[xl] just recently some efforts accept been undertaken to systematically "re-import" liberal arts teaching to continental Europe, as with Leiden University College The Hague, University College Utrecht, University College Maastricht, Amsterdam University College, Roosevelt Academy (at present Academy Higher Roosevelt), University College Twente (ATLAS), Erasmus University College, the University of Groningen, Bratislava International Schoolhouse of Liberal Arts, Leuphana Academy of Lüneburg, Central European University, and Bard College Berlin, formerly known equally the European College of Liberal Arts. Cardinal European University launched a liberal arts undergraduate degree in Culture, Politics, and Gild [41] in 2020 as part of its move to Vienna and accreditation in Austria. Too as the colleges listed above, some universities in holland offer bachelors programs in Liberal Arts and Sciences (Tilburg University). Liberal arts (as a degree program) is merely beginning to plant itself in Europe. For case, University Higher Dublin offers the degree, equally does St. Marys University College Belfast, both institutions coincidentally on the island of Republic of ireland. In kingdom of the netherlands, universities take opened constituent liberal arts colleges under the terminology university college since the late 1990s. The four-year bachelor's degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the offset of its kind in Federal republic of germany. It started in October 2012 with 78 students.[42] The first Liberal Arts degree program in Sweden was established at Gothenburg University in 2011,[43] followed by a Liberal Arts Available Plan at Uppsala Academy's Campus Gotland in the fall of 2013.[44] The start Liberal Arts program in Georgia was introduced in 2005 past American-Georgian Initiative for Liberal Teaching (AGILE),[45] an NGO. Thank you to their collaboration, Ilia Country University[46] became the showtime higher teaching institution in Georgia to establish a liberal arts program.[47]

In France, Chavagnes Studium, a Liberal Arts Study Heart in partnership with the Institut Catholique d'études supérieures, and based in a erstwhile Catholic seminary, is launching a two-year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts, with a distinctively Catholic outlook.[48] It has been suggested that the liberal arts caste may become part of mainstream education provision in the United Kingdom, Republic of ireland and other European countries. In 1999, the European College of Liberal Arts (now Bard College Berlin) was founded in Berlin[49] and in 2009 it introduced a four-year Available of Arts program in Value Studies taught in English language,[50] leading to an interdisciplinary caste in the humanities.[ citation needed ]

In England, the first establishment[51] to retrieve and update a liberal arts education at the undergraduate level was the Academy of Winchester with their BA (Hons) Modern Liberal Arts programme which launched in 2010.[51] In 2012, University College London began its interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences BASc caste (which has kinship with the liberal arts model) with 80 students.[52] King's Higher London launched the BA Liberal Arts, which has a slant towards arts, humanities and social sciences subjects.[53] The New College of the Humanities too launched a new liberal education programme. Durham University has both a popular BA Liberal Arts and a BA Combined Honours in Social Sciences programme, both of which allow for interdisciplinary approaches to education. The Academy of Nottingham also has a Liberal Arts BA with study abroad options and links with its Natural Sciences degrees.[54] In 2016, the University of Warwick launched a three/four-twelvemonth liberal arts BA caste, which focuses on transdisciplinary approaches and problem-based learning techniques in addition to providing structured disciplinary pathways.[55] And for 2017 entry UCAS lists 20 providers of liberal arts programmes.[56]

In Scotland, the 4-year undergraduate Honours caste, specifically the Primary of Arts, has historically demonstrated considerable latitude in focus. In the first ii years of Scottish MA and BA degrees students typically study a number of dissimilar subjects before specialising in their Honours years (third and fourth year). The University of Dundee and the University of Glasgow (at its Crichton Campus) are the only Scottish universities that currently offering a specifically named 'Liberal Arts' caste.[ citation needed ]

In Slovakia, the Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts (BISLA) is located in the Old Town of Bratislava. It is the get-go liberal arts college in Central Europe. A private, accredited three-year degree-granting undergraduate institution, it opened in September 2006.[ commendation needed ]

In Asia [edit]

"A swain introduced to the vii Liberal Arts" by Sandro Boticelli, c. 1484. Fresco in Villa Lemni, Florence.

The Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines mandates a General Education curriculum required of all college education institutions; it includes a number of liberal arts subjects, including history, art appreciation, and ethics, plus interdisciplinary electives. Many universities have much more robust liberal arts core curricula; virtually notably, the Jesuit universities such every bit Ateneo de Manila University take a strong liberal arts core curriculum that includes philosophy, theology, literature, history, and the social sciences. Forman Christian College is a liberal arts university in Lahore, Islamic republic of pakistan. It is one of the oldest institutions in the Indian subcontinent. It is a chartered university recognized by the Higher Instruction Commission of Pakistan. Habib University in Karachi, Pakistan offers a holistic liberal arts and sciences experience to its students through its uniquely tailored liberal core program which is compulsory for all undergraduate caste students.[57] [58] The Underwood International Higher of Yonsei Academy, Korea, has compulsory liberal arts courses for all the student body.[ citation needed ]

In India, at that place are many institutions that offer undergraduate UG or bachelor's degree/diploma and postgraduate PG or master'due south caste/diploma equally well as doctoral PhD and postdoctoral studies and inquiry, in this academic discipline. Manipal Academy of Higher Education – MAHE, an Institution of Eminence as recognised past MHRD of Govt of India in 2018, houses a Faculty of Liberal Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, and too others like Symbiosis & FLAME University in Pune, Ahmedabad University, Ashoka Academy, and Azim Premji Academy in Bangalore. Lingnan University and Academy of Liberal Arts- Bangladesh (ULAB) are besides a few such liberal arts colleges in Asia. International Christian University in Tokyo is the first and one of the very few liberal arts universities in Japan. Fulbright University Vietnam is the kickoff liberal arts establishment in Vietnam.[ citation needed ]

In Australia [edit]

Campion College is a Roman Catholic defended liberal arts college, located in the western suburbs of Sydney. Founded in 2006, information technology is the first 3rd educational liberal arts college of its type in Australia. Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate degree. The key disciplines studied are history, literature, philosophy, and theology.[59]

The Millis Establish is the Schoolhouse of Liberal Arts at Christian Heritage College located in Brisbane. Founded by Dr. Ryan Messmore, former President of Campion College, the Millis Found offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts in which students tin can cull to major in Philosophy, Theology, History or Literature. It likewise endorses a 'Study Abroad' program whereby students tin earn credit towards their degree past undertaking 2 units over a five-week program at the University of Oxford. Equally of 2022, Elizabeth Hillman is currently the President of the Millis Institute.[lx]

A new schoolhouse of Liberal Arts has been formed in the University of Wollongong; the new Arts form entitled 'Western Civilisation' was first offered in 2020. The interdisciplinary curriculum focuses on the classic intellectual and artistic literature of the Western tradition. Courses in the liberal arts accept recently been developed at the University of Sydney and the University of Notre Matriarch.[ citation needed ]

See also [edit]

  • Artes Mechanicae  – Latin for "the mechanical arts"
  • Bachelor of General Studies
  • Bachelor of Liberal Arts
  • Available of Liberal Studies
  • Classical didactics
  • Classical education motion
  • College of Arts and Sciences
  • Physician of Liberal Studies
  • Education in aboriginal Greece
  • Didactics in ancient Rome
  • Education reform § Reforms of classical education
  • Four arts
  • General studies
  • Great books
  • Great Books programs in Canada
  • Humanitas
  • Humanities
  • Interdisciplinarity
  • Jesuit didactics (Eloquentia perfecta)
  • Liberal arts college
  • Liberal education
  • Listing of liberal arts colleges
  • STEAM fields
  • Transcendentalism

Citations [edit]

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  2. ^ "What is Liberal Arts? – Ancient, Medieval, Modern". Liberal Arts UK . Retrieved 4 June 2018.
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  4. ^ Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Mod Liberal Arts Education: Freedom is to Learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. ISBN978-ane-137-35891-2. OCLC 882530818.
  5. ^ Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Mod Liberal Arts Instruction: Freedom is to Acquire. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 17. ISBN978-1-137-35891-ii. OCLC 882530818.
  6. ^ "Trivium and Quadrivium | The Seven Liberal Arts | Written report Liberal Arts". Liberal Arts . Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  7. ^ "Philosophy and the Liberal Arts | Essays". Liberal Arts. 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  8. ^ Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1948]. European Literature and the Latin Eye Ages . Translated by Trask, Willard R. Princeton: Princeton Academy Press. p. 37. ISBN9780691097398. The classical sources include Cicero, De Oratore, I.72–73, III.127, and De re publica, I.30.
  9. ^ Castle, Due east.B. (1969). Aboriginal Education and Today. p. 59.
  10. ^ Kimball, Bruce. Orators and Philosophers. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1995. p. 13
  11. ^ Cicero. De Inventione. Book 1, Section 35
  12. ^ Seneca. Ben Schneider (ed.). "Epistle". Stoics.com. 88. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  13. ^ a b Lausberg, H. (1998). Handbook of Literary Rhetoric. p. x.
  14. ^ Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars. p. 25.
  15. ^ "James Burke: The Twenty-four hour period the Universe Changed In the Light Of the Above". YouTube. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
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  17. ^ Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars. pp. 141–143.
  18. ^ a b Tidbury, Iain (5 August 2019). "Liberal Arts Education by and for Women". Liberal Arts . Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  19. ^ Griffiths, Fiona J. (iii June 2011). The Garden of Delights: Reform and Renaissance for Women in the Twelfth Century. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN9780812202113.
  20. ^ Michael, William (2020). "The Virgin Mary and the Classical Liberal Arts". Classical Liberal Arts Academy.
  21. ^ G. Norton ed., The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism Vol iii (1999)p. 46 and pp. 601–4
  22. ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller, Renaissance Idea 2: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 178.
  23. ^ Charles Grand. Nauert, Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe (New Approaches to European History) (Cambridge Academy Press, 2006), pp. 172–173.
  24. ^ Bod, Rens; A New History of the Humanities, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
  25. ^ Adler, Eric; The Battle of the Classics: How a Nineteenth-Century Debate Can Relieve the Humanities Today, Oxford University Printing, Oxford, 2020, p. 59.
  26. ^ As quoted in Profiles of educators: Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) by Karl-Heinz Günther (1988), doi:10.1007/BF02192965
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  35. ^ https://extension.harvard.edu.
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  37. ^ For instance, Georgia Institute of Technology's bachelor of scientific discipline degree in Applied Languages and Intercultural Studies http://www.modlangs.gatech.edu
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References [edit]

  • Castle, E.B. (1969). Aboriginal Teaching and Today.
  • Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1948]. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages . Translated past Trask, Willard R. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN9780691097398.
  • Griffiths, Fiona J. (2011). The Garden of Delights: Reform and Renaissance for Women in the Twelfth Century. University of Pennsylvania Printing. ISBN9780812202113.
  • Kimball, Bruce A. Orators and Philosophers: A History of the Idea of Liberal Education. College Lath, 1995.
  • Lausberg, H. (1998). Handbook of Literary Rhetoric.
  • Michael, William (2020). "The Virgin Mary and the Classical Liberal Arts". Classical Liberal Arts University.
  • Tidbury, Iain (v August 2019). "Liberal Arts Education by and for Women". Liberal Arts . Retrieved 5 Baronial 2019.
  • Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Modernistic Liberal Arts Education: Freedom is to Learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-1-137-35891-2. OCLC 882530818.
  • Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars.
  • Wagner, David Leslie (1983). The Seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages. Indiana Academy Press. ISBN978-0-253-35185-2.

Further reading [edit]

  • Anders, George (2019). Yous Can Exercise Anything: The Surprising Power of a "Useless" Liberal Arts Education. Back Bay Books. ISBN978-0316548885.
  • Barzun, Jacques. The House of Intellect, Reprint Harper Perennial, 2002.
  • Blaich, Charles, Anne Bost, Ed Chan, and Richard Lynch. "Defining Liberal Arts Educational activity." Heart of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, 2004.
  • Blanshard, Brand. The Uses of a Liberal Education: And Other Talks to Students. (Open up Court, 1973. ISBN 0-8126-9429-5)
  • Friedlander, Jack. Measuring the Benefits of Liberal Arts Teaching in Washington's Community Colleges. Los Angeles: Centre for the Study of Community Colleges, 1982a. (ED 217 918)
  • Grafton Anthony and Lisa Jardine. From Humanism to the Humanities: The Institutionalizing of the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-century Europe, Harvard University Printing, 1987.
  • Guitton, Jean. A Student's Guide to Intellectual Work, The Academy of Notre Dame Press, 1964.
  • Highet, Gilbert. The Art of Instruction, Vintage Books, 1950.
  • Joseph, Sister Miriam. The Trivium: The Liberal Arts of Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric. Paul Dry Books Inc, 2002.
  • Kimball, Bruce A. The Liberal Arts Tradition: A Documentary History. Academy Printing Of America, 2010.
  • T. Kaori Kitao; William R. Kenan, Jr. (27 March 1999). The Usefulness Of Uselessness (PDF). Keynote Address, The 1999 Plant for the Academic Advancement of Youth's Odyssey at Swarthmore College. Archived from the original (PDF) on ii October 2008. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  • McGrath, Charles. "What Every Student Should Know", New York Times, eight January 2006.
  • Parker, H. "The 7 Liberal Arts," The English Historical Review, Vol. V, 1890.
  • Pfnister, Allan O. (1984). "The Part of the Liberal Arts College: A Historical Overview of the Debates". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio Country Academy Press. 55 (ii): 145–70. doi:ten.2307/1981183. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1981183.
  • Reeves, Floyd W. (1930). "The Liberal-Arts Higher". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio State Academy Press. 1 (vii): 373–eighty. doi:ten.2307/1974170. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1974170.
  • Ruckdeschel, Christopher. On the Nature of the Classical Liberal Arts, Bookbaby, 2019.
  • Saint-Victor, Hugh of. The Didascalicon, Columbia University Press, 1961.
  • Schall, James Five. Another Sort of Learning, Ignatius Press, 1988.
  • Seidel, George J. (1968). "Saving the Small College". The Periodical of Higher Teaching. Ohio Land University Press. 39 (6): 339–42. doi:10.2307/1979916. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1979916.
  • Sertillanges, A. G. The Intellectual Life, The Catholic University of America Press, 1998.
  • Tubbs, North. (2011) "Know Thyself: Macrocosm and Microcosm" in Studies in Philosophy and Education Volume xxx no.1
  • Winterer, Caroline. The Culture of Classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life, 1780–1910. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
  • Wriston, Henry Grand. The Nature of a Liberal College. Lawrence Academy Press, 1937.
  • Zakaria, Fareed. In Defense force of a Liberal Education. New York: W.W. Norton & Visitor, 2015.

External links [edit]

  • "Arts, Liberal". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Definition and short history of the 7 Liberal Arts from 1905.
  • Fr. Herve de la Tour, "The 7 Liberal Arts", Edocere, a Resource for Catholic Education, February 2002. Thomas Aquinas's definition of and justification for a liberal arts pedagogy.
  • Otto Willmann. "The Vii Liberal Arts". In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. Retrieved xiii August 2012.] "[Renaissance] Humanists, over-addicted of alter, unjustly condemned the arrangement of the seven liberal arts as barbarous. It is no more barbarous than the Gothic way, a name intended to exist a reproach. The Gothic, congenital upwardly on the conception of the former basilica, ancient in origin, nonetheless Christian in graphic symbol, was misjudged by the Renaissance on account of some excrescences, and obscured by the additions engrafted upon it by modern lack of gustation… That the achievements of our forefathers should be understood, recognized, and adapted to our own needs, is surely to exist desired."
  • Andrew Chrucky (1 September 2003). "The Aim of Liberal Education". "The content of a liberal education should exist moral bug as provided by history, anthropology, sociology, economic science, and politics. And these should be discussed along with a reflection on the nature of morality and the nature of discussions, i.eastward., through a study of rhetoric and logic. Since give-and-take takes identify in linguistic communication, an effort should exist made to develop a facility with language."
  • "Philosophy of Liberal Instruction" A bibliography, compiled by Andrew Chrucky, with links to essays offering dissimilar points of view on the meaning of a liberal education.
  • Mark Peltz, "The Liberal Arts and Leadership", Higher News (The Annapolis Group), fourteen May 2012. A defense of liberal education past the Associate Dean of Grinnell Higher (first appeared in Within Higher Ed).
  • "Liberal Arts at the Community Higher", an ERIC Fact Sheet. ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles
  • "A Descriptive Analysis of the Community College Liberal Arts Curriculum". ERIC Clearinghouse for Inferior Colleges Los Angeles
  • The Heart of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts. Website virtually The Wabash Study (for improving liberal didactics). Sponsored by the Center of Research in the Liberal Arts at Wabash College (Indiana), the Wabash Study began in the fall of 2010 – scheduled to end in 2013. Participants include 29 prominent colleges and universities.
  • Academic Commons. An online platform in support of the liberal education community. It is a forum for sharing practices, outcomes, and lessons learned of online learning. Formerly sponsored past the Centre of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, The Academic Commons is hosted by the National Institute for Technology in Liberal Education ("NITLE".).
  • The Liberal Arts Advantage – for Business. Website dedicated to "Bridging the gap between business and the liberal arts". "A liberal arts didactics is aimed at developing the ability to think, reason, clarify, determine, discern, and evaluate. That'southward in contrast to a professional person or technical educational activity (business, applied science, computer science, etc.) which develops specific abilities aimed at preparing students for vocations."
  • Video caption past Professor Nigel Tubbs of liberal arts curriculum and degree requirements of Winchester University, Great britain.. "Liberal arts teaching (Latin: liberalis, free, and ars, art or principled practise) involves us in thinking philosophically across many subject boundaries in the humanities, the social and natural sciences, and fine arts. The caste combines compulsory modules covering art, religion, literature, science and the history of ideas with a wide range of optional modules. This enables students to have flexibility and control over their programme of study and the content of their assessments."

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education#:~:text=The%20modern%20use%20of%20the,(biology%2C%20ecology%2C%20neuroscience)

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